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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> Python爬虫进阶六之多进程的用法 </h1>
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                <h2 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h2>
                <p>在上一节中介绍了thread多线程库。python中的多线程其实并不是真正的多线程，并不能做到充分利用多核CPU资源。 如果想要充分利用，在python中大部分情况需要使用多进程，那么这个包就叫做 multiprocessing。 借助它，可以轻松完成从单进程到并发执行的转换。multiprocessing支持子进程、通信和共享数据、执行不同形式的同步，提供了Process、Queue、Pipe、Lock等组件。 那么本节要介绍的内容有：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>Process</li>
                  <li>Lock</li>
                  <li>Semaphore</li>
                  <li>Queue</li>
                  <li>Pipe</li>
                  <li>Pool</li>
                </ul>
                <h2 id="Process"><a href="#Process" class="headerlink" title="Process"></a>Process</h2>
                <h3 id="基本使用"><a href="#基本使用" class="headerlink" title="基本使用"></a>基本使用</h3>
                <p>在multiprocessing中，每一个进程都用一个Process类来表示。首先看下它的API</p>
                <figure class="highlight reasonml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="constructor">Process([<span class="params">group</span> [, <span class="params">target</span> [, <span class="params">name</span> [, <span class="params">args</span> [, <span class="params">kwargs</span>]]]]])</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <ul>
                  <li>target表示调用对象，你可以传入方法的名字</li>
                  <li>args表示被调用对象的位置参数元组，比如target是函数a，他有两个参数m，n，那么args就传入(m, n)即可</li>
                  <li>kwargs表示调用对象的字典</li>
                  <li>name是别名，相当于给这个进程取一个名字</li>
                  <li>group分组，实际上不使用</li>
                </ul>
                <p>我们先用一个实例来感受一下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight livecodeserver">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import multiprocessing</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">def <span class="built_in">process</span>(<span class="built_in">num</span>):</span><br><span class="line">    print <span class="string">'Process:'</span>, <span class="built_in">num</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">5</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        p = multiprocessing.Process(target=<span class="built_in">process</span>, args=(i,))</span><br><span class="line">        p.<span class="built_in">start</span>()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>最简单的创建Process的过程如上所示，target传入函数名，args是函数的参数，是元组的形式，如果只有一个参数，那就是长度为1的元组。 然后调用start()方法即可启动多个进程了。 另外你还可以通过 cpu_count() 方法还有 active_children() 方法获取当前机器的 CPU 核心数量以及得到目前所有的运行的进程。 通过一个实例来感受一下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import multiprocessing</span><br><span class="line">import time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">def process(num):</span><br><span class="line">    time.sleep(num)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="builtin-name">print</span> <span class="string">'Process:'</span>, num</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(5):</span><br><span class="line">        p = multiprocessing.Process(<span class="attribute">target</span>=process, args=(i,))</span><br><span class="line">        p.start()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="builtin-name">print</span>(<span class="string">'CPU number:'</span> + str(multiprocessing.cpu_count()))</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> p <span class="keyword">in</span> multiprocessing.active_children():</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="builtin-name">print</span>(<span class="string">'Child process name: '</span> + p.name + <span class="string">' id: '</span> + str(p.pid))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="builtin-name">print</span>(<span class="string">'Process Ended'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight yaml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">Process:</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">CPU</span> <span class="string">number:8</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Child process name: Process-2 id:</span> <span class="number">9641</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Child process name: Process-4 id:</span> <span class="number">9643</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Child process name: Process-5 id:</span> <span class="number">9644</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Child process name: Process-3 id:</span> <span class="number">9642</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Process</span> <span class="string">Ended</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Process:</span> <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Process:</span> <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Process:</span> <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Process:</span> <span class="number">4</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h3 id="自定义类"><a href="#自定义类" class="headerlink" title="自定义类"></a>自定义类</h3>
                <p>另外你还可以继承Process类，自定义进程类，实现run方法即可。 用一个实例来感受一下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight haskell">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="title">from</span> multiprocessing <span class="keyword">import</span> Process</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="type">MyProcess</span>(<span class="type">Process</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    def __init__(<span class="title">self</span>, <span class="title">loop</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        <span class="type">Process</span>.__init__(<span class="title">self</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        self.loop = loop</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    def run(<span class="title">self</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        for count in range(<span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">loop</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            time.sleep(1)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            print('<span class="type">Pid</span>: ' + <span class="title">str</span>(<span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">pid</span>) + ' <span class="type">LoopCount</span>: ' + str(<span class="title">count</span>))</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">if __name__ == '__main__':</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    for i in range(2, 5):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        p = <span class="type">MyProcess</span>(<span class="title">i</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        p.start()</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在上面的例子中，我们继承了 Process 这个类，然后实现了run方法。打印出来了进程号和参数。 运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">28116</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">28117</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">28118</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">28116</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">28117</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">28118</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">28117</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">28118</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">28118</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">3</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到，三个进程分别打印出了2、3、4条结果。 我们可以把一些方法独立的写在每个类里封装好，等用的时候直接初始化一个类运行即可。</p>
                <h3 id="deamon"><a href="#deamon" class="headerlink" title="deamon"></a>deamon</h3>
                <p>在这里介绍一个属性，叫做deamon。每个线程都可以单独设置它的属性，如果设置为True，当父进程结束后，子进程会自动被终止。 用一个实例来感受一下，还是原来的例子，增加了deamon属性：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> multiprocessing <span class="keyword">import</span> Process</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">MyProcess</span><span class="params">(Process)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, loop)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        Process.__init__(self)</span><br><span class="line">        self.loop = loop</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">run</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">for</span> count <span class="keyword">in</span> range(self.loop):</span><br><span class="line">            time.sleep(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">'Pid: '</span> + str(self.pid) + <span class="string">' LoopCount: '</span> + str(count))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">5</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        p = MyProcess(i)</span><br><span class="line">        p.daemon = <span class="literal">True</span></span><br><span class="line">        p.start()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="string">'Main process Ended!'</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在这里，调用的时候增加了设置deamon，最后的主进程（即父进程）打印输出了一句话。 运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight arduino">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Main <span class="built_in">process</span> Ended!</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>结果很简单，因为主进程没有做任何事情，直接输出一句话结束，所以在这时也直接终止了子进程的运行。 这样可以有效防止无控制地生成子进程。如果这样写了，你在关闭这个主程序运行时，就无需额外担心子进程有没有被关闭了。 不过这样并不是我们想要达到的效果呀，能不能让所有子进程都执行完了然后再结束呢？那当然是可以的，只需要加入join()方法即可。</p>
                <figure class="highlight haskell">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="title">from</span> multiprocessing <span class="keyword">import</span> Process</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="type">MyProcess</span>(<span class="type">Process</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    def __init__(<span class="title">self</span>, <span class="title">loop</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        <span class="type">Process</span>.__init__(<span class="title">self</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        self.loop = loop</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    def run(<span class="title">self</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        for count in range(<span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">loop</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            time.sleep(1)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            print('<span class="type">Pid</span>: ' + <span class="title">str</span>(<span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">pid</span>) + ' <span class="type">LoopCount</span>: ' + str(<span class="title">count</span>))</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">if __name__ == '__main__':</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    for i in range(2, 5):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        p = <span class="type">MyProcess</span>(<span class="title">i</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        p.daemon = <span class="type">True</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        p.start()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        p.join()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    print '<span class="type">Main</span> process <span class="type">Ended</span>!'</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在这里，每个子进程都调用了join()方法，这样父进程（主进程）就会等待子进程执行完毕。 运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">29902</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">29902</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">29905</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">29905</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">29905</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">29912</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">29912</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">29912</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">29912</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line">Main process Ended!</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>发现所有子进程都执行完毕之后，父进程最后打印出了结束的结果。</p>
                <h2 id="Lock"><a href="#Lock" class="headerlink" title="Lock"></a>Lock</h2>
                <p>在上面的一些小实例中，你可能会遇到如下的运行结果： <a href="http://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/QQ20161113-0@2x.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="http://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/QQ20161113-0@2x-300x126.png" alt=""></a> 什么问题？有的输出错位了。这是由于并行导致的，两个进程同时进行了输出，结果第一个进程的换行没有来得及输出，第二个进程就输出了结果。所以导致这种排版的问题。 那这归根结底是因为线程同时资源（输出操作）而导致的。 那怎么来避免这种问题？那自然是在某一时间，只能一个进程输出，其他进程等待。等刚才那个进程输出完毕之后，另一个进程再进行输出。这种现象就叫做“互斥”。 我们可以通过 Lock 来实现，在一个进程输出时，加锁，其他进程等待。等此进程执行结束后，释放锁，其他进程可以进行输出。 我们现用一个实例来感受一下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from multiprocessing import Process, <span class="keyword">Lock</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="built_in">time</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> MyProcess(Process):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">def</span> __init__(<span class="keyword">self</span>, <span class="keyword">loop</span>, <span class="keyword">lock</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        Process.__init__(<span class="keyword">self</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        self.loop = <span class="keyword">loop</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.lock = <span class="keyword">lock</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">def</span> run(<span class="keyword">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="keyword">count</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="keyword">range</span>(self.loop):</span><br><span class="line">            time.sleep(<span class="number">0.1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="comment">#self.lock.acquire()</span></span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">'Pid: '</span> + <span class="keyword">str</span>(self.pid) + <span class="string">' LoopCount: '</span> + <span class="keyword">str</span>(<span class="keyword">count</span>))</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="comment">#self.lock.release()</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">lock</span> = <span class="keyword">Lock</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="keyword">range</span>(<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">15</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        p = MyProcess(i, <span class="keyword">lock</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        p.start()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>首先看一下不加锁的输出结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45755</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45756</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45757</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45758</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45759</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45755</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45756</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45757</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45758</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45759</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45755</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">2</span>Pid: <span class="number">45756</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45757</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45758</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45759</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45756</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45755</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45757</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45758</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45759</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45755</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45756</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45757</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45759</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45758</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45756</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45755</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45757</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45759</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45758</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45756</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">6</span>Pid: <span class="number">45755</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45757</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45759</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45758</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45755</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">7</span>Pid: <span class="number">45756</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45757</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45758</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45759</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45756</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">8</span>Pid: <span class="number">45755</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45757</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45758</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">8</span>Pid: <span class="number">45759</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45755</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45756</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45757</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45758</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45759</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45756</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45757</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45758</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45759</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45757</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">11</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45758</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">11</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45759</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">11</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45758</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">12</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45759</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">12</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45759</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">13</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到有些输出已经造成了影响。 然后我们对其加锁：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> multiprocessing <span class="keyword">import</span> Process, <span class="keyword">Lock</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="type">time</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> MyProcess(Process):</span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(self, <span class="keyword">loop</span>, <span class="keyword">lock</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        Process.__init__(self)</span><br><span class="line">        self.<span class="keyword">loop</span> = <span class="keyword">loop</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.<span class="keyword">lock</span> = <span class="keyword">lock</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    def run(self):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">for</span> count <span class="keyword">in</span> range(self.<span class="keyword">loop</span>):</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="type">time</span>.sleep(<span class="number">0.1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            self.<span class="keyword">lock</span>.acquire()</span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">'Pid: '</span> + str(self.pid) + <span class="string">' LoopCount: '</span> + str(count))</span><br><span class="line">            self.<span class="keyword">lock</span>.<span class="keyword">release</span>()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">lock</span> = <span class="keyword">Lock</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">10</span>, <span class="number">15</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        p = MyProcess(i, <span class="keyword">lock</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        p.<span class="keyword">start</span>()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>我们在print方法的前后分别添加了获得锁和释放锁的操作。这样就能保证在同一时间只有一个print操作。 看一下运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45889</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45890</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45891</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45892</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45893</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45889</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45890</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45891</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45892</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45893</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45889</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45890</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45891</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45892</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45893</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45889</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45890</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45891</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45892</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45893</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45889</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45890</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45891</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45892</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45893</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45889</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45890</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45891</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45892</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45893</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45889</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45890</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45891</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45893</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45892</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45889</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45890</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45891</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45892</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45893</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">7</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45889</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45890</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45891</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45892</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45893</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45889</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45890</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45891</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45892</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45893</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45890</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45891</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45892</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45893</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45891</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">11</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45892</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">11</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45893</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">11</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45893</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">12</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45892</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">12</span></span><br><span class="line">Pid: <span class="number">45893</span> LoopCount: <span class="number">13</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>嗯，一切都没问题了。 所以在访问临界资源时，使用Lock就可以避免进程同时占用资源而导致的一些问题。</p>
                <h2 id="Semaphore"><a href="#Semaphore" class="headerlink" title="Semaphore"></a>Semaphore</h2>
                <p>信号量，是在进程同步过程中一个比较重要的角色。可以控制临界资源的数量，保证各个进程之间的互斥和同步。 如果你学过操作系统，那么一定对这方面非常了解，如果你还不了解信号量是什么，可以参考 <a href="http://blog.csdn.net/qinxiongxu/article/details/7830537" target="_blank" rel="noopener">信号量解析</a> 来了解一下它是做什么的。 那么接下来我们就用一个实例来演示一下进程之间利用Semaphore做到同步和互斥，以及控制临界资源数量。</p>
                <figure class="highlight haskell">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="title">from</span> multiprocessing <span class="keyword">import</span> Process, Semaphore, Lock, Queue</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="title">buffer</span> = <span class="type">Queue</span>(<span class="number">10</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="title">empty</span> = <span class="type">Semaphore</span>(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="title">full</span> = <span class="type">Semaphore</span>(<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="title">lock</span> = <span class="type">Lock</span>()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="type">Consumer</span>(<span class="type">Process</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    def run(<span class="title">self</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        global buffer, empty, full, lock</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        while <span class="type">True</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            full.acquire()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            lock.acquire()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            buffer.get()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            print('<span class="type">Consumer</span> <span class="title">pop</span> <span class="title">an</span> <span class="title">element'</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            time.sleep(1)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            lock.release()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            empty.release()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="type">Producer</span>(<span class="type">Process</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    def run(<span class="title">self</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        global buffer, empty, full, lock</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">        while <span class="type">True</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            empty.acquire()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            lock.acquire()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            buffer.put(1)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            print('<span class="type">Producer</span> <span class="title">append</span> <span class="title">an</span> <span class="title">element'</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            time.sleep(1)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            lock.release()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">            full.release()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">if __name__ == '__main__':</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    p = <span class="type">Producer</span>()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    c = <span class="type">Consumer</span>()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    p.daemon = c.daemon = <span class="type">True</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    p.start()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    c.start()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    p.join()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    c.join()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    print '<span class="type">Ended</span>!'</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>如上代码实现了注明的生产者和消费者问题，定义了两个进程类，一个是消费者，一个是生产者。 定义了一个共享队列，利用了Queue数据结构，然后定义了两个信号量，一个代表缓冲区空余数，一个表示缓冲区占用数。 生产者Producer使用empty.acquire()方法来占用一个缓冲区位置，然后缓冲区空闲区大小减小1，接下来进行加锁，对缓冲区进行操作。然后释放锁，然后让代表占用的缓冲区位置数量+1，消费者则相反。 运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight livecodeserver">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Producer append <span class="keyword">an</span> <span class="keyword">element</span></span><br><span class="line">Producer append <span class="keyword">an</span> <span class="keyword">element</span></span><br><span class="line">Consumer pop <span class="keyword">an</span> <span class="keyword">element</span></span><br><span class="line">Consumer pop <span class="keyword">an</span> <span class="keyword">element</span></span><br><span class="line">Producer append <span class="keyword">an</span> <span class="keyword">element</span></span><br><span class="line">Producer append <span class="keyword">an</span> <span class="keyword">element</span></span><br><span class="line">Consumer pop <span class="keyword">an</span> <span class="keyword">element</span></span><br><span class="line">Consumer pop <span class="keyword">an</span> <span class="keyword">element</span></span><br><span class="line">Producer append <span class="keyword">an</span> <span class="keyword">element</span></span><br><span class="line">Producer append <span class="keyword">an</span> <span class="keyword">element</span></span><br><span class="line">Consumer pop <span class="keyword">an</span> <span class="keyword">element</span></span><br><span class="line">Consumer pop <span class="keyword">an</span> <span class="keyword">element</span></span><br><span class="line">Producer append <span class="keyword">an</span> <span class="keyword">element</span></span><br><span class="line">Producer append <span class="keyword">an</span> <span class="keyword">element</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以发现两个进程在交替运行，生产者先放入缓冲区物品，然后消费者取出，不停地进行循环。 通过上面的例子来体会一下信号量的用法。</p>
                <h2 id="Queue"><a href="#Queue" class="headerlink" title="Queue"></a>Queue</h2>
                <p>在上面的例子中我们使用了Queue，可以作为进程通信的共享队列使用。 在上面的程序中，如果你把Queue换成普通的list，是完全起不到效果的。即使在一个进程中改变了这个list，在另一个进程也不能获取到它的状态。 因此进程间的通信，队列需要用Queue。当然这里的队列指的是 multiprocessing.Queue 依然是用上面那个例子，我们一个进程向队列中放入数据，然后另一个进程取出数据。</p>
                <figure class="highlight sql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from multiprocessing import Process, Semaphore, <span class="keyword">Lock</span>, Queue</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="built_in">time</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> random <span class="keyword">import</span> random</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">buffer = Queue(<span class="number">10</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">empty</span> = Semaphore(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">full</span> = Semaphore(<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">lock</span> = <span class="keyword">Lock</span>()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> Consumer(Process):</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">def</span> run(<span class="keyword">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">global</span> buffer, <span class="keyword">empty</span>, <span class="keyword">full</span>, <span class="keyword">lock</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="literal">True</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            full.acquire()</span><br><span class="line">            lock.acquire()</span><br><span class="line">            print <span class="string">'Consumer get'</span>, buffer.get()</span><br><span class="line">            time.sleep(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            lock.release()</span><br><span class="line">            empty.release()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> Producer(Process):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">def</span> run(<span class="keyword">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">global</span> buffer, <span class="keyword">empty</span>, <span class="keyword">full</span>, <span class="keyword">lock</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="literal">True</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            empty.acquire()</span><br><span class="line">            lock.acquire()</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">num</span> = random()</span><br><span class="line">            print <span class="string">'Producer put '</span>, <span class="keyword">num</span></span><br><span class="line">            buffer.put(<span class="keyword">num</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            time.sleep(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            lock.release()</span><br><span class="line">            full.release()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    p = Producer()</span><br><span class="line">    c = Consumer()</span><br><span class="line">    p.daemon = c.daemon = <span class="literal">True</span></span><br><span class="line">    p.start()</span><br><span class="line">    c.start()</span><br><span class="line">    p.join()</span><br><span class="line">    c.join()</span><br><span class="line">    print <span class="string">'Ended!'</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Producer put  <span class="number">0.719213647437</span></span><br><span class="line">Producer put  <span class="number">0.44287326683</span></span><br><span class="line">Consumer <span class="keyword">get</span> <span class="number">0.719213647437</span></span><br><span class="line">Consumer <span class="keyword">get</span> <span class="number">0.44287326683</span></span><br><span class="line">Producer put  <span class="number">0.722859424381</span></span><br><span class="line">Producer put  <span class="number">0.525321338921</span></span><br><span class="line">Consumer <span class="keyword">get</span> <span class="number">0.722859424381</span></span><br><span class="line">Consumer <span class="keyword">get</span> <span class="number">0.525321338921</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到生产者放入队列中数据，然后消费者将数据取出来。 get方法有两个参数，blocked和timeout，意思为阻塞和超时时间。默认blocked是true，即阻塞式。 当一个队列为空的时候如果再用get取则会阻塞，所以这时候就需要吧blocked设置为false，即非阻塞式，实际上它就会调用get_nowait()方法，此时还需要设置一个超时时间，在这么长的时间内还没有取到队列元素，那就抛出Queue.Empty异常。 当一个队列为满的时候如果再用put放则会阻塞，所以这时候就需要吧blocked设置为false，即非阻塞式，实际上它就会调用put_nowait()方法，此时还需要设置一个超时时间，在这么长的时间内还没有放进去元素，那就抛出Queue.Full异常。 另外队列中常用的方法 Queue.qsize() 返回队列的大小 ，不过在 Mac OS 上没法运行。 原因：</p>
                <blockquote>
                  <p>def qsize(self): # Raises NotImplementedError on Mac OSX because of broken sem_getvalue() return self._maxsize - self._sem._semlock._get_value()</p>
                </blockquote>
                <p>Queue.empty() 如果队列为空，返回True, 反之False Queue.full() 如果队列满了，返回True,反之False Queue.get([block[, timeout]]) 获取队列，timeout等待时间 Queue.get_nowait() 相当Queue.get(False) Queue.put(item) 阻塞式写入队列，timeout等待时间 Queue.put_nowait(item) 相当Queue.put(item, False)</p>
                <h2 id="Pipe"><a href="#Pipe" class="headerlink" title="Pipe"></a>Pipe</h2>
                <p>管道，顾名思义，一端发一端收。 Pipe可以是单向(half-duplex)，也可以是双向(duplex)。我们通过mutiprocessing.Pipe(duplex=False)创建单向管道 (默认为双向)。一个进程从PIPE一端输入对象，然后被PIPE另一端的进程接收，单向管道只允许管道一端的进程输入，而双向管道则允许从两端输入。 用一个实例来感受一下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ruby">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from multiprocessing import Process, Pipe</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Consumer</span>(<span class="title">Process</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">self</span>, pipe)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">        Process.__init_<span class="number">_</span>(<span class="keyword">self</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">self</span>.pipe = pipe</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">run</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">self</span>)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">self</span>.pipe.send(<span class="string">'Consumer Words'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        print <span class="string">'Consumer Received:'</span>, <span class="keyword">self</span>.pipe.recv()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Producer</span>(<span class="title">Process</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">self</span>, pipe)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">        Process.__init_<span class="number">_</span>(<span class="keyword">self</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">self</span>.pipe = pipe</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">run</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">self</span>)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">        print <span class="string">'Producer Received:'</span>, <span class="keyword">self</span>.pipe.recv()</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">self</span>.pipe.send(<span class="string">'Producer Words'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name_<span class="number">_</span> == <span class="string">'__main__'</span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">    pipe = Pipe()</span><br><span class="line">    p = Producer(pipe[<span class="number">0</span>])</span><br><span class="line">    c = Consumer(pipe[<span class="number">1</span>])</span><br><span class="line">    p.daemon = c.daemon = True</span><br><span class="line">    p.start()</span><br><span class="line">    c.start()</span><br><span class="line">    p.join()</span><br><span class="line">    c.join()</span><br><span class="line">    print <span class="string">'Ended!'</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在这里声明了一个默认为双向的管道，然后将管道的两端分别传给两个进程。两个进程互相收发。观察一下结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight groovy">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Producer <span class="string">Received:</span> Consumer Words</span><br><span class="line">Consumer <span class="string">Received:</span> Producer Words</span><br><span class="line">Ended!</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>以上是对pipe的简单介绍。</p>
                <h2 id="Pool"><a href="#Pool" class="headerlink" title="Pool"></a>Pool</h2>
                <p>在利用Python进行系统管理的时候，特别是同时操作多个文件目录，或者远程控制多台主机，并行操作可以节约大量的时间。当被操作对象数目不大时，可以直接利用multiprocessing中的Process动态成生多个进程，十几个还好，但如果是上百个，上千个目标，手动的去限制进程数量却又太过繁琐，此时可以发挥进程池的功效。 Pool可以提供指定数量的进程，供用户调用，当有新的请求提交到pool中时，如果池还没有满，那么就会创建一个新的进程用来执行该请求；但如果池中的进程数已经达到规定最大值，那么该请求就会等待，直到池中有进程结束，才会创建新的进程来它。 在这里需要了解阻塞和非阻塞的概念。 阻塞和非阻塞关注的是程序在等待调用结果（消息，返回值）时的状态。 阻塞即要等到回调结果出来，在有结果之前，当前进程会被挂起。 Pool的用法有阻塞和非阻塞两种方式。非阻塞即为添加进程后，不一定非要等到改进程执行完就添加其他进程运行，阻塞则相反。 现用一个实例感受一下非阻塞的用法：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> multiprocessing import Lock, Pool</span><br><span class="line">import time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">def function(index):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="builtin-name">print</span> <span class="string">'Start process: '</span>, index</span><br><span class="line">    time.sleep(3)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="builtin-name">print</span> <span class="string">'End process'</span>, index</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="built_in"> pool </span>= Pool(<span class="attribute">processes</span>=3)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> xrange(4):</span><br><span class="line">        pool.apply_async(function, (i,))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="builtin-name">print</span> <span class="string">"Started processes"</span></span><br><span class="line">    pool.close()</span><br><span class="line">    pool.join()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="builtin-name">print</span> <span class="string">"Subprocess done."</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在这里利用了apply_async方法，即非阻塞。 运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight yaml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="string">Started</span> <span class="string">processes</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Start process: Start process:</span>  <span class="number">0</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Start process:</span>  <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">End</span> <span class="string">processEnd</span> <span class="string">process</span> <span class="number">0</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Start process:</span>  <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">End</span> <span class="string">process</span> <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">End</span> <span class="string">process</span> <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Subprocess</span> <span class="string">done.</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以发现在这里添加三个进程进去后，立马就开始执行，不用非要等到某个进程结束后再添加新的进程进去。 下面再看看阻塞的用法：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> multiprocessing import Lock, Pool</span><br><span class="line">import time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">def function(index):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="builtin-name">print</span> <span class="string">'Start process: '</span>, index</span><br><span class="line">    time.sleep(3)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="builtin-name">print</span> <span class="string">'End process'</span>, index</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="built_in"> pool </span>= Pool(<span class="attribute">processes</span>=3)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> xrange(4):</span><br><span class="line">        pool.apply(function, (i,))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="builtin-name">print</span> <span class="string">"Started processes"</span></span><br><span class="line">    pool.close()</span><br><span class="line">    pool.join()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="builtin-name">print</span> <span class="string">"Subprocess done."</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在这里只需要把apply_async改成apply即可。 运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight powershell">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Start <span class="keyword">process</span>:  <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">End</span> <span class="keyword">process</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">Start <span class="keyword">process</span>:  <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">End</span> <span class="keyword">process</span> <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Start <span class="keyword">process</span>:  <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">End</span> <span class="keyword">process</span> <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">Start <span class="keyword">process</span>:  <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">End</span> <span class="keyword">process</span> <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line">Started processes</span><br><span class="line">Subprocess done.</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样一来就好理解了吧？ 下面对函数进行解释： apply_async(func[, args[, kwds[, callback]]]) 它是非阻塞，apply(func[, args[, kwds]])是阻塞的。 close() 关闭pool，使其不在接受新的任务。 terminate() 结束工作进程，不在处理未完成的任务。 join() 主进程阻塞，等待子进程的退出， join方法要在close或terminate之后使用。 当然每个进程可以在各自的方法返回一个结果。apply或apply_async方法可以拿到这个结果并进一步进行处理。</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> multiprocessing import Lock, Pool</span><br><span class="line">import time</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">def function(index):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="builtin-name">print</span> <span class="string">'Start process: '</span>, index</span><br><span class="line">    time.sleep(3)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="builtin-name">print</span> <span class="string">'End process'</span>, index</span><br><span class="line">    return index</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="built_in"> pool </span>= Pool(<span class="attribute">processes</span>=3)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> xrange(4):</span><br><span class="line">        result = pool.apply_async(function, (i,))</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="builtin-name">print</span> result.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="builtin-name">print</span> <span class="string">"Started processes"</span></span><br><span class="line">    pool.close()</span><br><span class="line">    pool.join()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="builtin-name">print</span> <span class="string">"Subprocess done."</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight yaml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">Start process:</span>  <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">End</span> <span class="string">process</span> <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Start process:</span>  <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">End</span> <span class="string">process</span> <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Start process:</span>  <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">End</span> <span class="string">process</span> <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">Start process:</span>  <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">End</span> <span class="string">process</span> <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Started</span> <span class="string">processes</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Subprocess</span> <span class="string">done.</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>另外还有一个非常好用的map方法。 如果你现在有一堆数据要处理，每一项都需要经过一个方法来处理，那么map非常适合。 比如现在你有一个数组，包含了所有的URL，而现在已经有了一个方法用来抓取每个URL内容并解析，那么可以直接在map的第一个参数传入方法名，第二个参数传入URL数组。 现在我们用一个实例来感受一下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> multiprocessing import Pool</span><br><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> requests.exceptions import ConnectionError</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">def scrape(url):</span><br><span class="line">    try:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="builtin-name">print</span> requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(url)</span><br><span class="line">    except ConnectionError:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="builtin-name">print</span> <span class="string">'Error Occured '</span>, url</span><br><span class="line">    finally:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="builtin-name">print</span> <span class="string">'URL '</span>, url, <span class="string">' Scraped'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="built_in"> pool </span>= Pool(<span class="attribute">processes</span>=3)</span><br><span class="line">    urls = [</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'https://www.baidu.com'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'http://www.meituan.com/'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'http://blog.csdn.net/'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'http://xxxyxxx.net'</span></span><br><span class="line">    ]</span><br><span class="line">    pool.map(scrape, urls)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在这里初始化一个Pool，指定进程数为3，如果不指定，那么会自动根据CPU内核来分配进程数。 然后有一个链接列表，map函数可以遍历每个URL，然后对其分别执行scrape方法。 运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight groovy">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&lt;Response [<span class="number">403</span>]&gt;</span><br><span class="line">URL  <span class="string">http:</span><span class="comment">//blog.csdn.net/  Scraped</span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;Response [<span class="number">200</span>]&gt;</span><br><span class="line">URL  <span class="string">https:</span><span class="comment">//www.baidu.com  Scraped</span></span><br><span class="line">Error Occured  <span class="string">http:</span><span class="comment">//xxxyxxx.net</span></span><br><span class="line">URL  <span class="string">http:</span><span class="comment">//xxxyxxx.net  Scraped</span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;Response [<span class="number">200</span>]&gt;</span><br><span class="line">URL  <span class="string">http:</span><span class="comment">//www.meituan.com/  Scraped</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到遍历就这么轻松地实现了。</p>
                <h2 id="结语"><a href="#结语" class="headerlink" title="结语"></a>结语</h2>
                <p>多进程multiprocessing相比多线程功能强大太多，而且使用范围更广，希望本文对大家有帮助！</p>
                <h2 id="本文参考"><a href="#本文参考" class="headerlink" title="本文参考"></a>本文参考</h2>
                <p><a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/multiprocessing.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://docs.python.org/2/library/multiprocessing.html</a> <a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/archive/2012/10/12/2721484.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/archive/2012/10/12/2721484.html</a> <a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/kaituorensheng/p/4445418.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.cnblogs.com/kaituorensheng/p/4445418.html</a> <a href="https://my.oschina.net/yangyanxing/blog/296052" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://my.oschina.net/yangyanxing/blog/296052</a></p>
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